TUhjnbcbe - 2021/5/28 17:48:00
12.Lungcarcinoma/Cancerofthelung/Lungcancer–Cancercellstakeovernormallungtissue.Therearedifferenttypesoflungcancer(smallcellvs.non-smallcell)andalsodifferentstages(limited–onelung;extensive–spreadtobothlungs).Inlungsecondariesormetastases,cancercellshavespreadtootherpartsofthebody.12.肺癌—癌细胞占领正常肺部组织。肺癌分为不同种类（小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌）不同阶段（局限期—一侧肺腔；广泛期—扩散到双侧肺腔）。当患有继发性肺肿瘤或肺转移癌症时，癌细胞已经扩散至身体其他部位。Causes:Inmostcaseslungcanceriscausedbysmoking.Othercausesmayincludepassivesmokingorbreathinginotherirritatingsubstancessuchasasbestos,coaldust,nickel,petroleum,radongas.病因：大多数情况下肺癌是由吸烟导致。其他病因还包括吸二手烟或吸入其他刺激性物质，例如：石棉、煤粉、镍、石油气体、氡气。Symptoms:Chroniccoughingorwheezing;bloodinphlegm;weightloss;fatigue.症状：慢性咳嗽或哮鸣，痰中带血，体重降低，疲累。Diagnostictests:ChestX-ray;spiralCTscanning;angiographyorVQscan(tolookatthebloodvesselsinthelung);bronchoscopyandbiopsy;needlebiopsy;sputumorphlegmsamples.Cancercellswillbecheckedunderthemicroscopetodecidewhattypeofcanceritis(seeChapter16).诊断测试：胸片、螺旋CT扫描、血管造影术、VQ扫描（查看肺血管）、支气管镜检查、活检、穿刺活检、痰液取样。在显微镜下检查癌细胞，确定癌症类型。（见16章）Treatment:Thecancercellsmayspreadtootherareas,suchasthebrain,bonemarrow,andliver.Whetherthecancerspreadsandwhereitspreadslargelydependsonthetypeofcancer.Treatmentdependsoncelltypeandspread(stage).Thismayincludesurgicaltreatmentsuchaspneumectomy(removalofentirelung)orlobectomy(removalofonelunglobe).However,surgeryisonlyusefulifthecancerhasnotspread.Non-surgicaltreatmentincludesradiationtherapy;chemotherapyandtargetedtherapies.治疗：癌细胞可能会扩散至大脑、骨髓、肝脏等其他部位。癌症是否会扩散，以及会扩散至何处主要取决于癌症类型。癌症治疗取决于癌细胞类型及其扩散（阶段）。其中包括肺切除（摘除整个肺部）、肺叶切除（切除一个肺叶）等手术治疗。然而只有在癌症未扩散时，手术才有效。非手术治疗包括放疗、化疗和靶向治疗。13.Pneumonia–Infection/inflammationofthealveoli(seeFigure19.6).13.肺炎—肺泡感染或发炎（见图片19.6）。Causes:Infection(oftenbacterial),causingthealveolitoswellup,whichmakesitdifficultforoxygentopassthroughthewallofthealveoliintothebloodstream.病因：感染（通常为细菌感染）导致肺泡肿胀，氧气难以通过肺泡壁进入血流。Symptoms:Tirednessandshortnessofbreath(duetolackofoxygen);fever.症状：疲累气短（由缺氧导致）、发烧。Diagnostictests:AchestX-raymayshowawhiteout(areaofnoairmovementatall);oximetry(percentageofoxygensaturatedblood).诊断测试：胸片可能会显示出白色区域（完全没有空气流动的区域）、血氧测定（血氧饱和度百分比）。Treatment:Bedrest;oxygen;physicaltherapy;intravenousantibiotics.治疗：卧床休息、氧疗、物理疗法、静脉注射抗生素。14.Sleepapnea–Themost